recency, which were said to be unambiguous and opposed in their predictions. ![]() In 1977, William Crano decided to outline a study to further the previous conclusions on the nature of order effects, in particular those of primacy vs. When asked to recall a list of items in any order (free recall. The term was coined by Hermann Ebbinghaus through studies he performed on himself, and refers to the finding that recall accuracy varies as a function of an item's position within a study list. Serial-position effect is the tendency of a person to recall the first and last items in a series best, and the middle items worst. The primacy and recency effects are again evident, yielding a significant effect for serial input position, F(9, 171)=4.55, p. Of particular interest in the present experi- ment is the examination of the serial position curve for the final recall data, the lower curve in Fig. ![]() Free recall recency effect lag recency effect serial position effect contextual variability immediate free recall continuous distractor free recall postman phillips distractor condition probed recall participant variable numerous experimental manipulation memory performance single-store model two-store memory model in-immediate free recall.
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